# The fmesher C++ library

#### Finn Lindgren

The plan is to briefly describe the backend fmesher C++ library.

## Introduction

The `fmesher` C++ library was initially written by Finn Lindgren in April/May 2010, as an implementation of the data structures and refined constrained Delaunay triangulation (RCDT) methods from Hjelle and Dæhlen (2006), extended to RCDTs on spheres.

## Data structures

The key to the algorithm speed is the use of traversal operators for the mesh graph, made efficient by support in the data structure for key operations.

### Triangle centric data model

The mesh storage is composed of a 3-column matrix of vertex coordinates, `S`, and three triangle graph topology 3-column integer matrices:

- `TV`: 3 vertex indices, in CCW order
- `TT`: For each of the 3 corners, the index of the opposing edge neighbouring triangle, if any, otherwise -1.
- `TTi`: For each of the 3 corners, the in-triangle index of the opposing edge’s neighbouring triangle’s opposing in-triangle index. This structure can be turned on/off to allow certain operations to be more efficient.

This is similar to a winged-edge or half-edge structure, but treats triangles as primary objects, allowing compact storage as well as efficient graph traversal.

Note: A further structure, `VT`, can be enabled, that for each vertex holds the set of triangle indices that it is used by. Before 2025, only a single triangle index was stored, so that there was no cheap way to access all triangles that connect to a given vertex, unless the mesh was a proper edge-connected manifold. For example, some operation would not handle meshes where the forward and inverse `orbit0` operations could not reach all the connected triangles.

### Graph traversal algebra

- `Dart` location objects; originator vertex, edge direction, and triangle
- Each `alpha` operator alters only one simplex quantity:
  - `alpha0`: swap the originating vertex for the edge, keep the triangle
  - `alpha1`: swap to the edge pointing to the remaining 3rd vertex, keep the originator vertex and triangle
  - `alpha2`: swap to the adjacent triangle, stay along the same edge and keep the originator vertex
- Each `orbit` keeps one simplex quantity fixed while altering the other two, keeping orientation intact; If one starts with a `Dart` pointing in CCW direction in a triangle, each successful orbit operation will keep that property.
  - `orbit0 = alpha1,alpha2`: move to the next CCW adjacent triangle, except on boundary
  - `orbit1 = alpha2,alpha0`: move to the adjacent triangle and swap edge direction, except on boundary
  - `orbit2 = alpha0,alpha1`: move to the next CCW vertex in the triangle

These operators, and their inverses, allow arbitrary graph traversal of 2-manifold meshes with triangles connected via edges.

### Matrices

### Point locator trees

## Operations

### RCDT

### Point locator

## Rcpp interface

### rcdt

### bary

### fem

### split_lines

## References

Hjelle, Øyvind, and Morten Dæhlen. 2006. Triangulations and Applications. Springer Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-33261-8.